Technology glossary

Optical heart-rate sensor (PPG)

Photoplethysmography: an optical method that shines light into the skin and calculates blood flow and heart rate from changes in the reflection.

According to Garmin, a wrist sensor shines green light into the skin and a photodiode measures changes in the reflection: when the heart contracts blood density rises and haemoglobin absorbs more green light, and when it relaxes more light is reflected. Apple says the PPG sensor in AirPods Pro 3 pulses infrared light 256 times per second to measure blood flow during workouts.

Motion, sweat, vibration, temperature changes and the device moving away from the skin add noise; makers use filtering algorithms to reduce it. During intense, irregular movement readings can drift from electrical measurement such as a chest strap. Consumer PPG sensors are not medical diagnostic devices.

Devices using this technology

Amazfit T-Rex Ultra 2 — Amazfit's Black Magma T-Rex Ultra 2, with a silicone strap that is black outside and orange inside.

Smartwatches · 2026

Amazfit T-Rex Ultra 2

T-Rex Ultra 2 puts offline maps and route tools into a 51 mm sports-watch body. Its large screen and extended battery modes suit outdoor use; size and thickness matter for all-day comfort.

Smartwatches · 2026

HUAWEI WATCH GT 7 46 mm

The WATCH GT 7 is a phone-paired watch for sports and everyday health tracking. Its speaker and microphone support Bluetooth calls. Battery modes matter: 21 days is the light-use maximum, while typical use is rated at 12 days and always-on display at 7 days.

Headphones · 2025

Apple AirPods Pro 3

Apple's 2025 in-ear ANC earbuds. They offer the H2 chip, new foam-infused tips in five sizes, an optical heart-rate sensor for workouts, hearing aid and hearing test features, and up to 8 hours of battery with ANC on. Tests rate the noise cancelling and battery highly; the fit does not suit everyone, some owners report static on flights, and most features need an Apple device.

Smartwatches · 2025

Apple Watch Ultra 3

Apple Watch Ultra 3 is Apple’s rugged smartwatch with a 49 mm titanium case. Its wide-angle OLED, LTPO3 display reaches 3000 nits and refreshes once per second in always-on mode. Alongside 5G RedCap cellular it offers satellite Emergency SOS and messaging, L1/L5 dual-frequency GPS, recreational diving to 40 m and up to 42 hours of normal battery life. An independent battery test matched Apple’s 42-hour figure; owners praise the display and battery, while some still find it large.

Smartwatches · 2025

Garmin Forerunner 970

Garmin's high-end running and triathlon watch. Alongside a 47 mm titanium bezel, sapphire lens and AMOLED display it adds an LED flashlight, speaker and microphone, an ECG app and multi-band GNSS, with up to 15 days in smartwatch mode. Tests praise heart-rate and GPS accuracy; battery drops quickly with the always-on display, and the first months brought reports of crashes and ghost touches.

Smartwatches · 2025

Apple Watch Series 11 (46 mm, GPS)

The Apple Watch Series 11 is Apple’s main smartwatch for 2025; this entry covers the 46 mm aluminium GPS version. It offers an LTPO3 OLED Always-On display reaching 2,000 nits, Ion-X glass with a ceramic coating, the S10 chip and 24-hour battery life. Hypertension notifications and a sleep score join ECG, blood oxygen and wrist temperature measurements. In independent testing the heart rate was very close to a chest strap, but battery life was still found short; owners praise the health tracking, while some say the battery barely lasts a work shift.

Smartwatches · 2025

Google Pixel Watch 4 (41 mm, Wi-Fi)

The Pixel Watch 4 is Google's Wear OS watch with a curved Actua 360 display. The 41 mm Wi-Fi model has a Snapdragon W5 Gen 2, an AMOLED screen up to 3000 nits, dual-frequency GPS and ECG, and its new side dock charges it fully in 45 minutes. Owners describe battery life as one to two days depending on use.

Sources

  1. Garmin Singapore: Garmin technology — heart rate
  2. Apple Newsroom (Ireland): AirPods Pro 3 introduce the ultimate audio experience