Monkeypox (Mpox) Virus

18 August 2024 / Rıdvan Atmaca

Monkeypox (Mpox) is a contagious disease that has emerged as a global threat in recent years. Following outbreaks in 2022-2023, it continues to affect some regions in 2024. This article explores the origins, transmission methods, symptoms, and prevention strategies for the Mpox virus.

What is Monkeypox?

Mpox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, part of the Poxviridae family. It can spread to humans through contact with infected animals or people. The virus was first identified in laboratory monkeys in 1958, and the first human case was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

There are two main genetic groups of Mpox:

Clade I (Congo Basin): Associated with more severe cases.
Clade II (West Africa): Generally linked to milder illnesses.

The 2022-2023 outbreaks primarily involved the West African Clade.

How Does It Spread?

Mpox spreads through human-to-human or animal-to-human contact. Common transmission methods include:

Contact with skin lesions, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces.
Bites or scratches from infected animals.
Respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact.

The risk of Mpox transmission is higher among individuals with multiple sexual partners and those with weakened immune systems. Lesions in the genital area can lead to confusion with sexually transmitted infections.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

Symptoms typically appear 1 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Early signs include:

Fever
Headache
Muscle and back pain
Fatigue
Swollen lymph nodes

These are followed by rashes and lesions that usually appear on the face, hands, feet, genital areas, and around the anus. The lesions progress to fluid-filled blisters, then scab over and heal. Symptoms generally last 2 to 4 weeks but can persist longer in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Who is at Risk?

While Mpox can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk:

People with weakened immune systems (e.g., those with HIV)
Individuals with multiple sexual partners
Children
Pregnant women

In immunocompromised individuals, the disease may be more severe and lead to complications.

Treatment for Monkeypox

There is no specific treatment for Mpox, but supportive care helps manage symptoms. Key measures include:

Antipyretics and pain relievers
Hydration therapy

In severe cases, antiviral treatments like tecovirimat (TPOXX) may be used to control the infection.

Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention. Vaccines such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 provide protection, and individuals at risk are advised to get vaccinated.

Prevention Strategies

To prevent Mpox, consider the following measures:

Avoid contact with infected individuals: Maintain physical distance and adhere to hygiene protocols.
Vaccination: Vaccines are crucial for protecting high-risk groups.
Personal hygiene: Regular handwashing and avoiding contaminated surfaces reduce infection risk.

Conclusion

As of 2024, Mpox remains a significant public health concern in certain regions. Adhering to hygiene measures, vaccinating high-risk groups, and limiting contact with infected individuals are critical to curbing the virus’s spread. Raising public awareness plays a vital role in controlling the disease.

Awareness and knowledge are among our most powerful tools in combating infectious diseases.